NATIONAL SCIENCE STANDARDS

Unifying Concepts and Processes
Systems, order, and organization
>The natural and designed world is complex; it is too large and complicated
to investigate and comprehend all at once. Scientists and students learn to
define small portions for the convenience of investigation. The units of
investigation can be referred to as "systems." A system is an organized group
of related objects or components that form a whole.

Evidence, models, and explanation
>Evidence consists of observations and data on which to base scientific
explanations. Using evidence to understand interactions allows individuals to
predict changes in natural and designed systems.
>Models are tentative schemes or structures that correspond to real objects,
events, or classes of events, and that have explanatory power.
>Scientific explanations incorporate existing scientific knowledge and new
evidence from observations, experiments, or models into internally
consistent, logical statements. Different terms, such as "hypothesis,"
"model," "law," "principle," "theory," and "paradigm" are used to describe
various types of scientific explanations.

Constancy, change, and measurement
>Interactions within and among systems result in change. Changes vary in
rate, scale, and pattern, including trends and cycles.
>Changes in systems can be quantified. Evidence for interactions and
subsequent change and the formulation of scientific explanations are often
clarified through quantitative distinctions--measurement.
>Scale includes understanding that different characteristics, properties, or
relationships within a system might change as its dimensions are increased or
decreased

Science as Inquiry
Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
>Ask a question about an object.
>Plan and conduct a simple investigation.
>Use data to construct a reasonable explanation.
>Communicate investigations and explanations.

Physical Science
Position and motion of objects
>The position and motion of objects can be changed by pushing or pulling. The
size of the change is related to the strength of the push or pull.
Sound, Light, Heat, and Magnetism
>Magnets attract and repel each other and certain kinds of other materials.

Earth and Space Science
Properties of earth materials
>Earth materials are solid rocks and soils, water, and the gases of the
atmosphere. The varied materials have different physical and chemical
properties, which make them useful in different ways. Earth materials provide
many of the resources that humans use.

Science and Technology
Abilities of Technological Design
>Communicate a solution.

Understanding about Science and Technology
>People have always had problems and invented tools and techniques (ways of
doing something) to solve problems. Trying to determine the effects of
solutions helps people avoid some new problems.

>Tools help scientists make better observations, measurements, and equipment
for investigations. They help scientists see, measure, and do things that
they could not otherwise see, measure, and do.

History and nature of science
Science as a human endeavor
>Science and technology have been practiced by people for a long time.
>Men and women have made a variety of contributions throughout the history of
science and technology

National Mathematics Standards (NCTM)

Number and Operations
Understand Numbers, ways of representing numbers, relationships among
numbers, and number system.
>develop understanding of fractions as parts of unit wholes, as parts of a
collection, as locations on number lines, and as divisions of whole numbers;  
   
Geometry
Use visualization, spatial reasoning, and geometric modeling to solve
problems     
>Identify and build a three-dimensional object from two-dimensional
representations of that object;     
   
Measurement
Understand measurable Attributes of objects and the units, systems, and
processes of measurement     
>understand such attributes as length, area, weight, volume, and size of
angle and select the appropriate type of unit for measuring each attribute;   
  
>understand the need for measuring with standard units and become familiar
with standard units in the customary and metric systems    

Data Analysis and Probability
Formulate questions that can be addressed with data and collect, organize,
and display relevant data to answer them     
>collect data using observations, surveys, and experiments;   

Understand and apply basic concepts of probability     
>predict the probability of outcomes of simple experiments and test the
predictions.

Representation
>use representations to model and interpret physical, social, and
mathematical phenomena.

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